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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are prescribed medication. It can improve symptoms, but it could also have side effects. If you experience side effects, talk to your GP about them. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed type of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe to treat ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters that regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in children and adults is the most frequently prescribed medication. It works by increasing the activity in brain areas that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate is also used to treat other ailments such as narcolepsy. It may help people with narcolepsy stay awake during the day and increase their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has the potential to be abused and is considered a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as prescribed will reduce the risk for abuse and other side effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms for certain people. It can also cause worse the behavior and tics of those with bipolar disorder or Tourette's syndrome. Before starting this medication, people with these conditions must inform their doctor. Consult your physician if there are any other health problems or if you have an allergy to any food or dyes. (For add adhd medication , tartrazine is a yellow color that can be found in some processed food and some medications. If you're taking Adhansia, XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain drugs such as opioids, antidepressants and monoamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid linezolid, methylene blue rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or the tranylcypromine. Avoid alcohol and other stimulant substances while taking methylphenidate. These can have a dangerous impact on your blood pressure and heart rate. The methylphenidate tablet with immediate release (Ritalin) as well as the oral disintegrating capsule with a long-acting mechanism and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) as well as the long acting chewable tablets (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR -ODT) contain the chemical phenylalanine. This can be dangerous in the case of a genetic disorder known as phenylketonuria exists. Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug is a brain stimulant and improves mood. It also eases the symptoms of ADHD. It is also used for depression and seasonal depression (SAD), which occurs during the fall-winter months. It can also be utilized to aid in the cessation of smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been found to improve ADHD symptoms in adults in a variety of studies. The fixed effect RR pooled for improvements in week 6 (using the criteria of a clinically significant improvement of 30% or more on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For overall response, this equates to 52 percent of the bupropion group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion can cause dangerous and even life-threatening interactions when taken together with other drugs. These include antidepressants and sedatives along with blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of seizure for those with an history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is contraindicated in certain medical conditions, and women who are pregnant or nursing are not advised to take it. Bupropion comes in the form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs, are a class of drugs that work by altering brain chemicals. They were one of the earliest antidepressants created, and even though they are no longer a first-line treatment for depression they are still effective in some people with other ailments. They block the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, thereby increasing their levels of availability in neurons. They can also be used to treat a variety of other disorders such as enuresis, pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia, as well as the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be prescribed alone or in conjunction with stimulants, and can have a beneficial impact on the symptoms of ADHD. They can improve core symptoms and reduce depression, anxiety and impulsiveness. They can also assist in managing the tics. These are uncontrollable repetitive movements or sounds such as blinking or throat clearing. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as dry mouth, sedation, and constipation, and may increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. These medications can interfere with other medications like anticholinergics, and should not be taken by pregnant women. These medications can also cause teratogenic effects on animals, and they may cross the placenta. Talk to your doctor if you are concerned. There are antidepressants that are more recent that are less likely of adverse negative effects. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). SSRIs are antidepressants that inhibit serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of available serotonin to signal. They also decrease anxiety and impulse-driven behavior. They are commonly used to treat adhd as they can help people suffering from their symptoms and can work in conjunction with other drugs. Examples of SSRIs are paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the body, however they are extensively metabolized in the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in varying blood concentrations. These drugs are also prescribed to treat other disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline could help in reducing PTSD symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can trigger an uncommon side effect that can cause sexual dysfunction. It is crucial to discuss this with your doctor if you are thinking about taking one of these drugs. It is typical for people to have to test several different kinds of ADHD medications before they find the one that works best for them. Research and development of new medications is ongoing. It is important to tell your doctor about all medications you take. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant drugs aren't effective for adults with ADHD doctors typically prescribe an antidepressant known as a selective norepinephrine receptor inhibitor (SNRI). These drugs increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, two brain chemicals. They also improve mood, reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs can cause similar side effects to TCAs however, they are more secure. They are used to treat numerous ailments, including anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression in addition. The SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine, (Effexor). These medications act by inhibiting the reabsorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural process that occurs in the brain after neurotransmission. This results in a larger-than-normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The increased levels of norepinephrine help improve concentration and mood. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are most often taken orally as pills, but they can also be used as liquids or patches. The FDA approved a SNRI for oral use, called viloxazine or Qelbree to treat ADHD among adolescents and children in April 2021. It doesn't have the potential for abuse, so it is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin in the brain. They are prescribed to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but can also help control ADHD symptoms. Several studies have shown that SNRI medications, such as venlafaxine and duloxetine, can dramatically reduce the score of different ADHD tests. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and may interact with certain drugs. It is essential to speak with a physician prior to taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly handled medication can cause harm to both humans and animals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the proper disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective, and have less negative effects than stimulants. Consult your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs can raise the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine however they aren't suitable for all. For instance, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take SNRIs as they may be passed into breast milk. They should not be taken by those who suffer from high blood pressure, liver issues or other cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people with ADHD take medication to increase their concentration and focus. They may also experience less impulse-driven behaviors. Medication is usually combined with behavior therapy and training, which helps people learn to control their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each patient requires time. In this period doctors will observe the physical reactions of patients to find an equilibrium between benefits and side effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate can increase the activity of a specific brain chemical that control memory and concentration. They are generally safe and beneficial for the majority of people, however, they may have serious side effects, such as a decrease in appetite and trouble sleeping. These effects typically subside within a few days as your body adjusts to the medication. Adults and children can also use non-stimulant drugs. They can take longer to work, but they can improve concentration and impulse control. These include alpha-2-adrenergic agonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and Guanfacine. Antidepressants also treat ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter within the brain that assists with impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion is an example of an antidepressant used to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” but drug makers developed extended-release versions, and the FDA approved the use of it as treatment.